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Chapter III · For students

Every theory. Three levels.

Every major theory of Organisational Behaviour, sorted across three levels of analysis — Individual, Group, Organisational — and taught first through the life you're already living.

42Theories indexed
03Levels of analysis
28Video lessons
FreeFor students
A note before you scroll

Read down a column for depth. Read across rows to compare levels.

The three columns below — Individual, Group, Organisational — are the three lenses every OB course you'll ever take is, secretly, using to look at the same workplace. Pick the lens that's bothering you most today. Start there.

Every theory card opens a short reading and, where available, a 6-to-10-minute video lesson built around it.

Level 01 · The lens of the selfI

Individual

How people perceive, feel, decide and behave at work — one nervous system at a time.

14 theories
i.01

Self-determination theory

Deci & Ryan, 1985

Why autonomy, competence and relatedness are not motivators — they are the conditions in which motivation appears.

MotivationFoundational
i.02

Expectancy theory

Vroom, 1964

Effort is a multiplication, not an addition — and any term going to zero collapses the whole.

Motivation
i.03

Equity theory

Adams, 1963

People do not compare themselves to ideals. They compare themselves to the person two desks over.

MotivationFairness
i.04

Goal-setting theory

Locke & Latham, 1990

Specific, difficult goals beat "do your best" — almost always, and especially when the work is dull.

Performance
i.05

Job characteristics model

Hackman & Oldham, 1976

A job's design — skill variety, task identity, autonomy, feedback — does more for motivation than any motivational speech.

Design
i.06

Big Five personality

Costa & McCrae, 1992

Five trait dimensions that explain a surprisingly large amount, and also a surprisingly small amount, of who shows up at work.

Personality
i.07

Attribution theory

Heider · Kelley · Weiner

When their behaviour is the issue it's their character; when yours is, it was the situation. The "fundamental" mistake.

Perception
i.08

Cognitive dissonance

Festinger, 1957

We do not act on what we believe. We come to believe what we have just done.

Cognition
i.09

Affective events theory

Weiss & Cropanzano, 1996

Small events at work produce small emotions; small emotions accumulate into the year you're having.

Emotion
i.10

Self-efficacy

Bandura, 1977

The single best predictor of whether someone will try the hard thing is whether they believe they can.

Belief
i.11 — i.14

Four further theories

Reinforcement · Decision-making heuristics · Job crafting · Emotional labour

Each with its own reading and, where available, video lesson.

Browse all →
Level 02 · The lens of the roomII

Group

How collections of people coordinate, conflict, lead and follow — the workplace as a room of rooms.

14 theories
ii.01

Psychological safety

Edmondson, 1999

The single condition without which most other team interventions are theatre.

FoundationalVoice
ii.02

Tuckman's stages

Tuckman, 1965

Forming, storming, norming, performing — and the underrated fifth: adjourning, often skipped at great cost.

Team development
ii.03

Social identity theory

Tajfel & Turner, 1979

The group is not just where you work; under the right conditions, it is who you become at work.

Identity
ii.04

Groupthink

Janis, 1972

Cohesion is good for output and bad for judgement. The team that agrees too quickly should be the team you worry about.

Decision-making
ii.05

Transformational leadership

Bass, 1985

The four "I"s — idealised influence, inspirational motivation, intellectual stimulation, individualised consideration.

Leadership
ii.06

Servant leadership

Greenleaf, 1970

Lead by spending your authority on the people you lead, not on the room.

Leadership
ii.07

LMX theory

Graen, 1976

There is no "the team". There are as many teams as there are dyads. Lead the relationships, not the org chart.

Leadership
ii.08

Conflict modes

Thomas & Kilmann, 1974

Compete, accommodate, avoid, compromise, collaborate. None is always right; all are usually misused.

Conflict
ii.09

Communication networks

Bavelas, 1948

Who can talk to whom, in what shape — wheel, chain, all-channel — quietly decides what your team can become.

Communication
ii.10

French & Raven's bases of power

1959

Five sources — coercive, reward, legitimate, referent, expert. Most workplaces over-use the first three.

Power
ii.11 — ii.14

Four further theories

Social loafing · Diversity & faultlines · Distributed leadership · Team reflexivity

Each with its own reading and, where available, video lesson.

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Level 03 · The lens of the systemIII

Organisational

How structure, culture, and the long environmental conditions of work shape everything that happens inside them.

14 theories
iii.01

Schein's culture model

Schein, 1985

Artifacts, espoused values, basic assumptions — and the depressing distance between each layer.

CultureFoundational
iii.02

Mintzberg's configurations

Mintzberg, 1979

Five basic shapes the organisation can take. Most dysfunction is a shape mismatch.

Structure
iii.03

Burns & Stalker

1961

Mechanistic vs organic structures — and the conditions under which each one breaks the other.

Structure
iii.04

Resource dependence theory

Pfeffer & Salancik, 1978

Organisations are shaped, daily, by the things they need but do not control.

Environment
iii.05

Institutional theory

DiMaggio & Powell, 1983

Why organisations in the same field come to look uncannily alike — and what that costs them.

Environment
iii.06

Organisational learning

Argyris & Schön, 1978

Single-loop vs double-loop learning — and why most "lessons learned" sessions only do the first.

Learning
iii.07

Lewin's change model

Lewin, 1947

Unfreeze, change, refreeze. Still the cleanest map of why change initiatives don't stick.

Change
iii.08

Kotter's 8-step model

Kotter, 1996

The famous staircase — best used not as a recipe, but as a checklist of things you forgot.

Change
iii.09

Competing values framework

Quinn & Rohrbaugh, 1983

Clan, adhocracy, market, hierarchy. Most workplaces try to be all four and end up being none.

Culture
iii.10

Sociotechnical systems

Trist & Bamforth, 1951

Technology and social structure must be designed together, or one will silently eat the other.

Systems
iii.11 — iii.14

Four further theories

Sensemaking · Ambidexterity · Organisational identity · Practice theory

Each with its own reading and, where available, video lesson.

Browse all →
b

Latest video lessons

Short, unhurried explainers — six to ten minutes each — that take a single theory and put it next to a workplace situation you've actually been in.

Level I · Individual

"Why your most motivated colleague is also your most fragile one."

Self-determination theory · 8:14
Level II · Group

"When silence is the loudest signal in the room."

Psychological safety · 6:42
Level III · Organisational

"The org chart you can see, and the one you actually work in."

Mintzberg's configurations · 9:08
Level III · Organisational

"Why every change initiative dies, eventually, in the refreeze."

Lewin's change model · 7:31